046: 029's principle 2 put to its breaking experiment on one Pi, the tools and the numbers: an owner (pure-run --store) with shim.so preloaded ships every change its store makes to its files (ops.h: create, write, truncate, allocate, rename, unlink, mkdir), cut at each fsync or fdatasync, over pure link (shipper.c, follower.c), and its sync returns once the follower has the cut (synchronous: one cut in flight, no log); identity: 100,000 messages (200,081 cuts; 34 compactions, an image written again) and 200,000 (400,149 cuts; 67 compactions, a second log segment), the stores compared byte for byte every 1,999 and 3,001 cuts and at the end: 0 differences, the follower's store opened as owner holding every message; takeover: 70 kill -9s (owner alone, the whole node, the node with cuts of 512 and 64 B records): all open, hold every message the owner said done, none not sent, the entries in order (and equal to the owner's own store each time); prefixes: 867 op boundaries of a 100,000-message stream (568 within cuts, 266 around installs) opened as stores: all pass; the price: 204 to 400 us a message on tmpfs (155 us waiting for acks, two cuts a message), 903 bytes shipped a message, 42% of them zeros written ahead (a compaction's new file and the tree's tail)

13 files changed, 2066 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-bytes.jsonl b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-bytes.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7ddf2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-bytes.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"what": "bytes written a message, by file, of the 100,000-message journal (prefixes.py)", "events": 100000, "compaction (.pending)": {"writes": 699, "bytes": 37072679, "per_event": 370.7, "zero_bytes": 37056748}, "image": {"writes": 19, "bytes": 655694, "per_event": 6.6, "zero_bytes": 0}, "pure.tree": {"writes": 206271, "bytes": 36483756, "per_event": 364.8, "zero_bytes": 983641}, "log-0": {"writes": 100000, "bytes": 7068992, "per_event": 70.7, "zero_bytes": 0}}
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-identity.jsonl b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-identity.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..042b190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-identity.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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+{"run": "identity", "events": 200000, "done": 200000, "owner_exit": 0, "every": 3001, "samples": 133, "samples_differing": 0, "first_differing": [], "end_differences": [], "shim": {"cuts": 400149, "shipped_bytes": 178744674, "waited_ms": 43096.0, "create": [74, 2122], "write": [613932, 174738440], "truncate": [0, 0], "allocate": [2, 48], "rename": [71, 2293], "unlink": [0, 0], "mkdir": [1, 7], "sync": [400149, 4001764], "renamed_to": {"pure.tree": 67, "image-entries": 2, "image-0heard": 1, "image-0sent": 1}}, "shipper": {"cuts": 400149, "records": 400215, "record_bytes": 182346609, "waited_ms": 33989.4, "packets": 454929, "resent": 0}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 400215, "cuts": 400149, "ops": 1014229, "op_bytes": 178744674, "received": 454929, "deliveries": 400215, "stored": 400215}, "owner_files": {".writer.lock": 0, "image-0heard": 50, "image-0sent": 60, "image-entries": 655480, "log-0": 8388608, "log-1": 8388608, "pure.tree": 1123399}, "follower_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 200000, "summed": 99950000}}
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-prefixes-100k-samples.jsonl b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-prefixes-100k-samples.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..286e31d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-prefixes-100k-samples.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
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diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-prefixes.jsonl b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-prefixes.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d552f5b
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-price.jsonl b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-price.jsonl
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-takeover.jsonl b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/2026-10-19-takeover.jsonl
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+{"run": "takeover", "k": 23, "whole_node": true, "record": "64", "sent": 15396, "owner_said_done": 7814, "follower_took": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 7839, "summed": 3850000.75}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 39792, "cuts": 15696, "ops": 39801, "op_bytes": 7466718, "received": 18226, "deliveries": 15726, "stored": 39792}, "passed": true, "owner_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 7839, "summed": 3850000.75}}
+{"run": "takeover", "k": 24, "whole_node": true, "record": "64", "sent": 180, "owner_said_done": 149, "follower_took": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 180, "summed": 16155}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 949, "cuts": 373, "ops": 956, "op_bytes": 355574, "received": 570, "deliveries": 377, "stored": 949}, "passed": true, "owner_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 180, "summed": 16155}}
+{"run": "takeover", "k": 25, "whole_node": true, "record": "64", "sent": 6721, "owner_said_done": 3543, "follower_took": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 3558, "summed": 1654792.5}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 18093, "cuts": 7131, "ops": 18101, "op_bytes": 4173454, "received": 8852, "deliveries": 7153, "stored": 18093}, "passed": true, "owner_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 3558, "summed": 1654792.5}}
+{"run": "takeover", "k": 26, "whole_node": true, "record": "64", "sent": 1254, "owner_said_done": 799, "follower_took": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 826, "summed": 340931.5}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 4225, "cuts": 1666, "ops": 4232, "op_bytes": 880841, "received": 2006, "deliveries": 1671, "stored": 4225}, "passed": true, "owner_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 826, "summed": 340931.5}}
+{"run": "takeover", "k": 27, "whole_node": true, "record": "64", "sent": 8584, "owner_said_done": 4453, "follower_took": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 4456, "summed": 2102854}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 22641, "cuts": 8928, "ops": 22649, "op_bytes": 4630160, "received": 10648, "deliveries": 8947, "stored": 22641}, "passed": true, "owner_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 4456, "summed": 2102854}}
+{"run": "takeover", "k": 28, "whole_node": true, "record": "64", "sent": 14294, "owner_said_done": 7254, "follower_took": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 7313, "summed": 3547156.25}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 37127, "cuts": 14643, "ops": 37136, "op_bytes": 7199136, "received": 17173, "deliveries": 14675, "stored": 37127}, "passed": true, "owner_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 7313, "summed": 3547156.25}}
+{"run": "takeover", "k": 29, "whole_node": true, "record": "64", "sent": 3055, "owner_said_done": 1720, "follower_took": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 1736, "summed": 770414}, "follower": {"within_cut": false, "heard": 8838, "cuts": 3485, "ops": 8845, "op_bytes": 1737193, "received": 4111, "deliveries": 3492, "stored": 8838}, "passed": true, "owner_opened": {"opened": true, "fault": "none", "total": 1736, "summed": 770414}}
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/entries.aup b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/entries.aup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a95acc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/entries.aup
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+record Entry {
+  n = 0
+}
+state entries: list of Entry
+state count = 0
+input add = message { n: number }
+on add {
+  entries.append(Entry { n: add.n })
+  count = count + 1
+}
+view total = count
+view summed = sum(e.n for e in entries)
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/follower.c b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/follower.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b097c25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/follower.c
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+/* Research 046: the follower. Hears the owner's records over pure link (a receiver on a UDP port) and does each op
+ * again under its own directory, in order (ops.h): the same bytes at the same places, the same names created, renamed
+ * and removed. A record that ends its cut is followed by an fsync of every file and directory the cut touched; then the
+ * records are said saved (pure_link_done), which is what the owner's sync waits for. Its heard (the last record done)
+ * is kept in memory: a follower started again is not this experiment's.
+ *
+ *   follower keys DIR                                   makes DIR/owner.key and DIR/follower.key, prints both public halves
+ *   follower DIR PORT KEY OWNER_PUBLIC_HEX              runs until SIGTERM, then one JSON line of counts */
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include "link.h"
+#include "seal.h"
+#include "ops.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+static int directory = -1;
+static PureLinkListener *listener;
+static uint64_t heard, cuts, applied_ops, applied_bytes;
+static bool within_cut; /* the last record done did not end its cut: the store holds part of one */
+static volatile sig_atomic_t stopping;
+
+typedef struct Job { struct Job *next; void *token; uint64_t first; unsigned count; unsigned char *records; size_t size; } Job;
+static Job *head, *tail;
+static pthread_mutex_t lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static pthread_cond_t waiting = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
+
+static void fail(const char *what, const char *path) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "follower: %s %s: %s\n", what, path, strerror(errno));
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+/* The paths a cut touched, to sync at its end. */
+static char *touched[4096];
+static unsigned touched_count;
+static void touch(const char *path) {
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < touched_count; ++i) if (!strcmp(touched[i], path)) return;
+    if (touched_count < 4096) touched[touched_count++] = strdup(path);
+}
+static void sync_touched(void) {
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < touched_count; ++i) {
+        int fd = openat(directory, touched[i][0] ? touched[i] : ".", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd >= 0) fsync(fd), close(fd); /* one renamed or removed since is synced as its directory is */
+        free(touched[i]);
+    }
+    touched_count = 0;
+    fsync(directory);
+}
+
+static const char *name_of(const unsigned char *p, char *out) {
+    uint16_t n = get16(p + 1);
+    memcpy(out, p + 3, n);
+    out[n] = 0;
+    return out[0] ? out : ".";
+}
+
+static void apply(const unsigned char *p, size_t size) {
+    char path[PATH_MAX], other[PATH_MAX];
+    const char *at = name_of(p, path);
+    const unsigned char *rest = p + 3 + get16(p + 1);
+    int fd;
+    switch (p[0]) {
+    case OP_CREATE: {
+        uint32_t flags = get32(rest), mode = get32(rest + 4);
+        if ((fd = openat(directory, at, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC | (int)flags, (mode_t)mode)) < 0) fail("create", at);
+        close(fd);
+        break;
+    }
+    case OP_WRITE: {
+        uint64_t offset = get64(rest);
+        uint32_t length = get32(rest + 8);
+        if ((fd = openat(directory, at, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) < 0) fail("open", at);
+        for (const unsigned char *b = rest + 12; length;) {
+            ssize_t n = pwrite(fd, b, length, (off_t)offset);
+            if (n <= 0) fail("write", at);
+            b += n, offset += (uint64_t)n, length -= (uint32_t)n;
+        }
+        close(fd);
+        break;
+    }
+    case OP_TRUNCATE:
+        if ((fd = openat(directory, at, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) < 0 || ftruncate(fd, (off_t)get64(rest))) fail("truncate", at);
+        close(fd);
+        break;
+    case OP_ALLOCATE:
+        if ((fd = openat(directory, at, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) < 0 || posix_fallocate(fd, (off_t)get64(rest), (off_t)get64(rest + 8)))
+            fail("allocate", at);
+        close(fd);
+        break;
+    case OP_RENAME: {
+        uint16_t n = get16(rest);
+        memcpy(other, rest + 2, n);
+        other[n] = 0;
+        if (renameat(directory, at, directory, other)) fail("rename", at);
+        touch(other);
+        break;
+    }
+    case OP_UNLINK:
+        if (unlinkat(directory, at, (int)get32(rest))) fail("unlink", at);
+        break;
+    case OP_MKDIR:
+        if (path[0] && mkdirat(directory, at, (mode_t)get32(rest)) && errno != EEXIST) fail("mkdir", at);
+        break;
+    case OP_SYNC: break;
+    }
+    if (p[0] != OP_UNLINK && p[0] != OP_RENAME) touch(path);
+    ++applied_ops, applied_bytes += size;
+}
+
+static void *work(void *unused) {
+    (void)unused;
+    for (;;) {
+        pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+        while (!head) pthread_cond_wait(&waiting, &lock);
+        Job *job = head;
+        if (!(head = job->next)) tail = NULL;
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+        const unsigned char *p = job->records;
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < job->count; ++i) {
+            uint32_t size = get32(p);
+            const unsigned char *r = p + 4;
+            uint64_t seq = job->first + i;
+            p += 4 + size;
+            if (seq <= heard) continue;   /* heard already */
+            if (seq != heard + 1) break;  /* a gap: the link gives it again */
+            for (size_t at = 9; at < size;) {
+                size_t n = op_size(r + at, size - at);
+                if (!n) { fprintf(stderr, "follower: a torn op in record %llu\n", (unsigned long long)seq); exit(1); }
+                apply(r + at, n);
+                at += n;
+            }
+            if (r[0]) sync_touched(), ++cuts; /* the cut's end: what it touched is durable before it is said saved */
+            within_cut = !r[0];
+            heard = seq;
+        }
+        pure_link_done(listener, (PureLinkDone){job->token, heard, true, false, false});
+        free(job->records);
+        free(job);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int input(void *context, const char *name, uint32_t shape, const unsigned char *fields, size_t size) {
+    (void)context, (void)shape, (void)fields, (void)size;
+    return strcmp(name, "store") ? -1 : 0;
+}
+
+static bool deliver(void *context, const PureLinkDelivery *d) {
+    (void)context;
+    Job *job = malloc(sizeof(*job));
+    unsigned char *copy = malloc(d->size ? d->size : 1);
+    if (!job || !copy) return false;
+    memcpy(copy, d->records, d->size);
+    *job = (Job){NULL, d->token, d->first, d->count, copy, d->size};
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    if (tail) tail->next = job;
+    else head = job;
+    tail = job;
+    pthread_cond_signal(&waiting);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static void on_term(int signal) { (void)signal; stopping = 1; }
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    char error[256], hex[2 * PURE_SEAL_KEY + 1], other_hex[2 * PURE_SEAL_KEY + 1];
+    if (argc == 3 && !strcmp(argv[1], "keys")) {
+        char a[PATH_MAX], b[PATH_MAX];
+        snprintf(a, sizeof(a), "%s/owner.key", argv[2]), snprintf(b, sizeof(b), "%s/follower.key", argv[2]);
+        PureSealKey *x = pure_seal_key(a, hex, error, sizeof(error)), *y = pure_seal_key(b, other_hex, error, sizeof(error));
+        if (!x || !y) { fprintf(stderr, "follower: %s\n", error); return 1; }
+        printf("{\"owner\":\"%s\",\"follower\":\"%s\"}\n", hex, other_hex);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (argc != 5) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s DIR PORT KEY OWNER_PUBLIC_HEX | keys DIR\n", argv[0]); return 2; }
+    mkdir(argv[1], 0700);
+    if ((directory = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC)) < 0) fail("open", argv[1]);
+    unsigned char own_public[PURE_SEAL_KEY], owner[PURE_SEAL_KEY];
+    PureSealKey *key = pure_seal_key(argv[3], hex, error, sizeof(error));
+    if (!key || !pure_seal_peer(hex, own_public) || !pure_seal_peer(argv[4], owner)) { fprintf(stderr, "follower: %s\n", error); return 1; }
+    PureLinkReceiver *receiver = pure_link_receiver(key, own_public, &(PureLinkHost){input, deliver, NULL}, error, sizeof(error));
+    if (!receiver || !pure_link_allow(receiver, "owner", owner, error, sizeof(error)) ||
+        !(listener = pure_link_listen(receiver, (unsigned)atoi(argv[2]), error, sizeof(error)))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "follower: %s\n", error);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    pthread_t worker;
+    pthread_create(&worker, NULL, work, NULL);
+    if (!pure_link_serve(listener, error, sizeof(error))) { fprintf(stderr, "follower: %s\n", error); return 1; }
+    signal(SIGTERM, on_term), signal(SIGINT, on_term);
+    printf("{\"ready\":true}\n");
+    fflush(stdout);
+    while (!stopping) pause();
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock); /* the worker between records: what it did is whole */
+    PureLinkCounts counts;
+    pure_link_listener_close(listener, &counts);
+    printf("{\"within_cut\":%s,\"heard\":%llu,\"cuts\":%llu,\"ops\":%llu,\"op_bytes\":%llu,\"received\":%llu,\"deliveries\":%llu,\"stored\":%llu}\n",
+           within_cut ? "true" : "false", (unsigned long long)heard, (unsigned long long)cuts, (unsigned long long)applied_ops,
+           (unsigned long long)applied_bytes, (unsigned long long)counts.received, (unsigned long long)counts.deliveries,
+           (unsigned long long)counts.stored);
+    fflush(stdout);
+    _exit(0);
+}
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/ops.h b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/ops.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcf467e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/ops.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/* Research 046: what a store did to its files, as the shim (shim.c) saw it and the follower (follower.c) does it again.
+ * An op is a u8 kind, its path (u16le length, bytes; relative to the store's directory, "" the directory itself), then:
+ *   OP_CREATE   u32le the open's flags among O_CREAT, O_EXCL, O_TRUNC; u32le mode
+ *   OP_WRITE    u64le offset, u32le length, the bytes
+ *   OP_TRUNCATE u64le length
+ *   OP_ALLOCATE u64le offset, u64le length (posix_fallocate)
+ *   OP_RENAME   the second path (u16le length, bytes)
+ *   OP_UNLINK   u32le flags (AT_REMOVEDIR)
+ *   OP_MKDIR    u32le mode
+ *   OP_SYNC     (an fsync or fdatasync of that path: where a cut ends)
+ * A cut is the ops since the last, ending in one OP_SYNC. On the link a record is u8 1 when it ends its cut (else 0),
+ * u64le the cut's number, then whole ops. */
+#ifndef OPS_H
+#define OPS_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+enum { OP_CREATE = 1, OP_WRITE, OP_TRUNCATE, OP_ALLOCATE, OP_RENAME, OP_UNLINK, OP_MKDIR, OP_SYNC, OP_KINDS };
+static const char *const op_names[OP_KINDS] = {"", "create", "write", "truncate", "allocate", "rename", "unlink", "mkdir", "sync"};
+
+static inline void put16(unsigned char *p, uint16_t v) { p[0] = (unsigned char)v, p[1] = (unsigned char)(v >> 8); }
+static inline void put32(unsigned char *p, uint32_t v) { for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) p[i] = (unsigned char)(v >> (8 * i)); }
+static inline void put64(unsigned char *p, uint64_t v) { for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) p[i] = (unsigned char)(v >> (8 * i)); }
+static inline uint16_t get16(const unsigned char *p) { return (uint16_t)(p[0] | p[1] << 8); }
+static inline uint32_t get32(const unsigned char *p) { uint32_t v = 0; for (int i = 3; i >= 0; --i) v = v << 8 | p[i]; return v; }
+static inline uint64_t get64(const unsigned char *p) { uint64_t v = 0; for (int i = 7; i >= 0; --i) v = v << 8 | p[i]; return v; }
+
+/* An op's size from its start (at most size bytes there), or 0 when it is not whole. */
+static inline size_t op_size(const unsigned char *p, size_t size) {
+    if (size < 3) return 0;
+    size_t at = 3 + get16(p + 1);
+    if (at > size) return 0;
+    switch (p[0]) {
+    case OP_CREATE: at += 8; break;
+    case OP_WRITE: if (at + 12 > size) return 0; at += 12 + get32(p + at + 8); break;
+    case OP_TRUNCATE: at += 8; break;
+    case OP_ALLOCATE: at += 16; break;
+    case OP_RENAME: if (at + 2 > size) return 0; at += 2 + get16(p + at); break;
+    case OP_UNLINK: case OP_MKDIR: at += 4; break;
+    case OP_SYNC: break;
+    default: return 0;
+    }
+    return at <= size ? at : 0;
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/prefixes.py b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/prefixes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab228aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/prefixes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Research 046: what a follower may hold when the owner's whole machine dies (run.py's kills seldom leave one with
+part of a cut: a cut's records travel together). The owner takes EVENTS messages with the shim keeping every op it
+shipped (SHIM_JOURNAL); then the ops are done again in order into a fresh directory, and at SAMPLES points (op
+boundaries drawn at random, within cuts and at their ends, and the whole stream) a copy of what is there is opened by
+pure-run as the owner (and around every rename: a compaction's or an image's install). Each must open without a fault, hold the first `total` messages' entries exactly (summed), hold
+no fewer than at the sample before (a prefix never loses what a shorter one held), and the whole stream every message.
+
+  prefixes.py EVENTS SAMPLES     one JSON line a sample, then one of the totals"""
+import json
+import os
+import random
+import shutil
+import sys
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import run as harness
+
+OP_CREATE, OP_WRITE, OP_TRUNCATE, OP_ALLOCATE, OP_RENAME, OP_UNLINK, OP_MKDIR, OP_SYNC = range(1, 9)
+
+
+def ops_of(journal):
+    """The ops in order: (kind, path, rest) as bytes, and how many syncs (cuts) came before each."""
+    out, at, cuts = [], 0, 0
+    while at < len(journal):
+        kind, n = journal[at], int.from_bytes(journal[at + 1:at + 3], 'little')
+        path = journal[at + 3:at + 3 + n].decode()
+        p = at + 3 + n
+        if kind == OP_CREATE: end = p + 8
+        elif kind == OP_WRITE: end = p + 12 + int.from_bytes(journal[p + 8:p + 12], 'little')
+        elif kind == OP_TRUNCATE: end = p + 8
+        elif kind == OP_ALLOCATE: end = p + 16
+        elif kind == OP_RENAME: end = p + 2 + int.from_bytes(journal[p:p + 2], 'little')
+        elif kind in (OP_UNLINK, OP_MKDIR): end = p + 4
+        elif kind == OP_SYNC: end = p
+        else: raise SystemExit(f'unknown op {kind} at {at}')
+        out.append((kind, path, journal[p:end], cuts))
+        cuts += kind == OP_SYNC
+        at = end
+    return out
+
+
+def apply(root, op):
+    kind, path, rest, _ = op
+    target = root / path if path else root
+    if kind == OP_CREATE:
+        flags = int.from_bytes(rest[:4], 'little')
+        fd = os.open(target, os.O_WRONLY | flags, int.from_bytes(rest[4:8], 'little'))
+        os.close(fd)
+    elif kind == OP_WRITE:
+        offset, length = int.from_bytes(rest[:8], 'little'), int.from_bytes(rest[8:12], 'little')
+        fd = os.open(target, os.O_WRONLY)
+        os.pwrite(fd, rest[12:12 + length], offset)
+        os.close(fd)
+    elif kind == OP_TRUNCATE:
+        os.truncate(target, int.from_bytes(rest, 'little'))
+    elif kind == OP_ALLOCATE:
+        fd = os.open(target, os.O_WRONLY)
+        os.posix_fallocate(fd, int.from_bytes(rest[:8], 'little'), int.from_bytes(rest[8:16], 'little'))
+        os.close(fd)
+    elif kind == OP_RENAME:
+        n = int.from_bytes(rest[:2], 'little')
+        os.rename(target, root / rest[2:2 + n].decode())
+    elif kind == OP_UNLINK:
+        (os.rmdir if int.from_bytes(rest, 'little') & 0x200 else os.unlink)(target)
+    elif kind == OP_MKDIR:
+        target.mkdir(mode=int.from_bytes(rest, 'little'), exist_ok=True)
+
+
+def main():
+    events, samples = int(sys.argv[1]), int(sys.argv[2])
+    keys = harness.build()
+    journal = harness.WORK / 'journal'
+    harness.ENV['SHIM_JOURNAL'] = str(journal)
+    r = harness.Run(keys)
+    r.feed(events)
+    r.owner.wait()
+    r.reader.join(timeout=10)
+    r.shipper.communicate(timeout=60)
+    r.stop_follower()
+    del harness.ENV['SHIM_JOURNAL']
+    ops = ops_of(journal.read_bytes())
+    near = {i + d for i, op in enumerate(ops) if op[0] == OP_RENAME for d in range(-3, 4) if 0 < i + d <= len(ops)}
+    picks = sorted(set(random.sample(range(1, len(ops)), min(samples, len(ops) - 1))) | near | {len(ops)})
+    root, copy = harness.WORK / 'prefix', harness.WORK / 'prefix-open'
+    shutil.rmtree(root, ignore_errors=True)
+    root.mkdir()
+    done, last_total, failures, within = 0, -1, [], 0
+    started = time.time()
+    for pick in picks:
+        while done < pick:
+            apply(root, ops[done])
+            done += 1
+        mid = ops[pick - 1][0] != OP_SYNC  # the prefix ends inside a cut
+        within += mid
+        shutil.rmtree(copy, ignore_errors=True)
+        shutil.copytree(root, copy)
+        took = harness.opened(copy)
+        total = int(took.get('total', -1)) if took.get('opened') else -1
+        good = (took.get('opened') and took.get('fault') == 'none' and took.get('summed') == harness.summed(total) and
+                total >= last_total and (pick < len(ops) or total == events))
+        if not good:
+            failures.append({'ops': pick, 'cut': ops[pick - 1][3], 'within_cut': mid, 'took': took, 'before': last_total})
+        print(json.dumps({'ops': pick, 'of': len(ops), 'cut': ops[pick - 1][3], 'within_cut': mid, 'total': total,
+                          'passed': bool(good)}), flush=True)
+        last_total = max(last_total, total)
+    renamed = {}
+    for op in ops:
+        if op[0] == OP_RENAME:
+            to = op[2][2:].decode()
+            renamed[to] = renamed.get(to, 0) + 1
+    print(json.dumps({'run': 'prefixes', 'events': events, 'ops': len(ops), 'journal_bytes': journal.stat().st_size,
+                      'renamed_to': renamed, 'samples': len(picks), 'near_renames': len(near), 'within_cuts': within, 'failed': len(failures), 'failures': failures[:5],
+                      'seconds': round(time.time() - started, 1)}), flush=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/run.py b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e4f4b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Research 046: 029's principle 2 ("the commit is the replica") put to its breaking experiment on one Pi.
+
+An owner (pure-run --store, with shim.so preloaded) takes `add` messages of entries.aup; every sync of its store ends a
+cut that the shipper sends over pure link to the follower, which does the same ops under its own directory; the
+owner's sync returns only once the follower saved the cut (synchronous). Both stores on /dev/shm (what is tested is
+identity and taking over, not the medium).
+
+  run.py identity EVENTS EVERY   the owner takes EVENTS messages; every EVERY cuts it pauses and the two stores are
+                                  compared byte for byte (names and contents), and once more at the end
+  run.py takeover RUNS EVENTS    RUNS times: the owner (and in every other run its shipper too, as when its machine
+                                  dies) killed with SIGKILL after a random number of messages up to EVENTS; the
+                                  follower's store opened by pure-run as the owner: it must open, hold every message
+                                  the owner said done, none it was not sent, and the entries in order
+  run.py torn RUNS EVENTS [B]    as takeover, the whole node killed every time, the cuts sent as records of at most B
+                                  bytes (512): a kill leaves the follower part of a cut, as a crash leaves a disk
+  run.py price EVENTS            the owner's time for EVENTS messages with and without the shim, and what went on the link
+
+One JSON line a run (or a sample)."""
+import json
+import os
+import random
+import select
+import shutil
+import signal
+import socket
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+PURE = HERE.parents[2]
+AUP = Path('/home/eunhhu/work/aup/build/aup')
+WORK = Path(os.environ.get('RUN_WORK', '/dev/shm/pure-046'))
+RUN = PURE / 'build' / 'pure-run'
+ENV = dict(os.environ, PURE_CRYPTO=str(PURE / 'build' / 'pure-crypto.so'))
+
+
+def build():
+    WORK.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    cc = ['cc', '-O2', '-std=gnu17', '-Wall', '-Wextra']
+    subprocess.run(cc + ['-fPIC', '-shared', str(HERE / 'shim.c'), '-ldl', '-pthread', '-o', str(WORK / 'shim.so')], check=True)
+    for name in ('shipper', 'follower'):
+        subprocess.run(cc + [f'-I{PURE / "link"}', str(HERE / f'{name}.c'), str(PURE / 'build' / 'libpure-link.a'),
+                             '-lm', '-pthread', '-ldl', '-o', str(WORK / name)], check=True)
+    subprocess.run([str(AUP), 'build', str(HERE / 'entries.aup'), '-o', str(WORK / 'entries.pmod')], check=True)
+    keys = json.loads(subprocess.run([str(WORK / 'follower'), 'keys', str(WORK)], capture_output=True, text=True,
+                                     check=True, env=ENV).stdout)
+    return keys
+
+
+def free_port():
+    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+    s.bind(('127.0.0.1', 0))
+    port = s.getsockname()[1]
+    s.close()
+    return port
+
+
+def message(i):  # not whole: a logged change takes its 8 bytes, so the log outgrows the list's items within the run
+    return 'message add ' + struct.pack('<d', i % 1000 + 0.25).hex() + '\n'
+
+
+def stores_differ(a, b):
+    """Differences between two store directories: names in one only, and files whose bytes differ (the first offset)."""
+    names_a = {p.relative_to(a) for p in a.rglob('*')}
+    names_b = {p.relative_to(b) for p in b.rglob('*')}
+    out = [f'only owner: {n}' for n in sorted(names_a - names_b)] + [f'only follower: {n}' for n in sorted(names_b - names_a)]
+    for n in sorted(names_a & names_b):
+        x, y = a / n, b / n
+        if x.is_dir() or y.is_dir():
+            if x.is_dir() != y.is_dir():
+                out.append(f'kind: {n}')
+            continue
+        p, q = x.read_bytes(), y.read_bytes()
+        if p != q:
+            first = next((i for i in range(min(len(p), len(q))) if p[i] != q[i]), min(len(p), len(q)))
+            out.append(f'bytes: {n} sizes {len(p)} {len(q)} first difference at {first}')
+    return out
+
+
+class Run:
+    """A follower, a shipper and an owner, started in that order on fresh stores."""
+
+    def __init__(self, keys, every=0, shim=True):
+        self.owner_dir, self.follower_dir = WORK / 'owner-store', WORK / 'follower-store'
+        for d in (self.owner_dir, self.follower_dir):
+            shutil.rmtree(d, ignore_errors=True)
+        port = free_port()
+        self.follower = subprocess.Popen([str(WORK / 'follower'), str(self.follower_dir), str(port), str(WORK / 'follower.key'),
+                                          keys['owner']], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, env=ENV)
+        assert json.loads(self.follower.stdout.readline())['ready']
+        sock = WORK / 'ship.sock'
+        self.shipper = subprocess.Popen([str(WORK / 'shipper'), str(sock), f'pure://127.0.0.1:{port}/store',
+                                         str(WORK / 'owner.key'), keys['follower']], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                        stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, env=ENV)
+        assert json.loads(self.shipper.stdout.readline())['ready']
+        env = dict(ENV)
+        if shim:
+            env.update(LD_PRELOAD=str(WORK / 'shim.so'), SHIM_STORE=str(self.owner_dir), SHIM_SOCKET=str(sock),
+                       SHIM_STATS=str(WORK / 'shim-stats.json'))
+        if every:
+            for f in ('paused', 'resume'):
+                p = WORK / f
+                if p.exists():
+                    p.unlink()
+                os.mkfifo(p)
+            self.paused = os.open(WORK / 'paused', os.O_RDWR)  # held open both ways: no open waits for the other end
+            self.resume = os.open(WORK / 'resume', os.O_RDWR)
+            env.update(SHIM_PAUSE_EVERY=str(every), SHIM_PAUSE_DIR=str(WORK))
+        self.owner = subprocess.Popen([str(RUN), str(WORK / 'entries.pmod'), '--views', '--store', str(self.owner_dir)],
+                                      stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True,
+                                      env=env, bufsize=1)
+        self.done = 0  # messages the owner said done (each line comes after its save, so after the follower's ack)
+        self.reader = threading.Thread(target=self.read, daemon=True)
+        self.reader.start()
+
+    def read(self):
+        for line in self.owner.stdout:
+            if line.startswith('{'):
+                self.done += 1
+
+    def feed(self, events, stop_after=None):
+        sent = 0
+        try:
+            for i in range(events):
+                self.owner.stdin.write(message(i))
+                sent += 1
+                if stop_after is not None and sent >= stop_after:
+                    break
+            if stop_after is None:
+                self.owner.stdin.close()
+        except BrokenPipeError:
+            pass
+        return sent
+
+    def stop_follower(self):
+        self.follower.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
+        out, err = self.follower.communicate(timeout=60)
+        return json.loads(out.strip().splitlines()[-1]) if out.strip() else {'error': err[-500:]}
+
+
+def opened(store):
+    """The store opened by pure-run as its owner: the views (total, summed) it shows, or why it did not open."""
+    r = subprocess.run([str(RUN), str(WORK / 'entries.pmod'), '--views', '--store', str(store)], input='show\n',
+                       capture_output=True, text=True, env=ENV, timeout=120)
+    lines = [l for l in r.stdout.splitlines() if l.startswith('{')]
+    if r.returncode or not lines:
+        return {'opened': False, 'exit': r.returncode, 'stderr': r.stderr[-300:]}
+    shown = json.loads(lines[-1])
+    return {'opened': True, 'fault': shown.get('fault'), **shown['views']}
+
+
+def summed(n):  # every partial sum a multiple of 0.25 below 2^50: exact as a binary64
+    return float(sum(i % 1000 for i in range(n))) + 0.25 * n
+
+
+def identity(keys, events, every):
+    run = Run(keys, every=every)
+    feeder = threading.Thread(target=run.feed, args=(events,), daemon=True)
+    feeder.start()
+    samples, differing = 0, []
+    while True:
+        ready, _, _ = select.select([run.paused], [], [], 0.2)
+        if ready:
+            cut = int(os.read(run.paused, 64).split()[0])
+            diff = stores_differ(run.owner_dir, run.follower_dir)
+            samples += 1
+            if diff:
+                differing.append({'cut': cut, 'differences': diff[:5]})
+            os.write(run.resume, b'g')
+        elif run.owner.poll() is not None:
+            break
+    feeder.join()
+    run.reader.join(timeout=10)
+    owner_exit = run.owner.wait()
+    shipper_out = run.shipper.communicate(timeout=60)[0].strip().splitlines()
+    end = stores_differ(run.owner_dir, run.follower_dir)
+    follower = run.stop_follower()
+    stats = json.loads((WORK / 'shim-stats.json').read_text())
+    files = {p.name: p.stat().st_size for p in sorted(run.owner_dir.iterdir())}
+    print(json.dumps({'run': 'identity', 'events': events, 'done': run.done, 'owner_exit': owner_exit, 'every': every,
+                      'samples': samples, 'samples_differing': len(differing), 'first_differing': differing[:3],
+                      'end_differences': end[:5], 'shim': stats, 'shipper': json.loads(shipper_out[-1]) if shipper_out else None,
+                      'follower': follower, 'owner_files': files,
+                      'follower_opened': opened(run.follower_dir)}), flush=True)
+
+
+def takeover(keys, runs, events, torn=False):
+    for k in range(runs):
+        whole_node = torn or k % 2 == 1  # the shipper dies with the owner
+        stop_after = random.randint(1, events)
+        run = Run(keys)
+        sent = run.feed(events, stop_after=stop_after)
+        deadline = time.time() + 120
+        while run.done < max(1, sent // 2) and time.time() < deadline and run.owner.poll() is None:
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+        # the owner is working through what was sent: kill it at a moment it does not choose
+        time.sleep(random.random() * 0.05)
+        run.owner.send_signal(signal.SIGKILL)
+        if whole_node:
+            run.shipper.send_signal(signal.SIGKILL)
+        run.owner.wait()
+        done = run.done
+        if not whole_node:
+            run.shipper.communicate(timeout=60)
+        else:
+            run.shipper.wait()
+        time.sleep(1.0)  # what was on the way reaches the follower
+        follower = run.stop_follower()
+        took = opened(run.follower_dir)
+        good = (took.get('opened') and took.get('fault') == 'none' and done <= took.get('total', -1) <= sent and
+                took.get('summed') == summed(int(took.get('total', 0))))
+        print(json.dumps({'run': 'takeover', 'k': k, 'whole_node': whole_node, 'record': os.environ.get('SHIPPER_RECORD'), 'sent': sent, 'owner_said_done': done,
+                          'follower_took': took, 'follower': follower, 'passed': bool(good),
+                          'owner_opened': opened(run.owner_dir)}), flush=True)
+
+
+def price(keys, events):
+    out = {}
+    for shim in (False, True):
+        run = Run(keys, shim=shim)
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        run.feed(events)
+        run.owner.wait()
+        run.reader.join(timeout=10)
+        seconds = time.perf_counter() - start
+        run.owner.stdin = None
+        shipper = run.shipper
+        if not shim:
+            shipper.terminate()
+        lines = shipper.communicate(timeout=60)[0].strip().splitlines()
+        run.stop_follower()
+        key = 'with_shim' if shim else 'without'
+        out[key] = {'seconds': round(seconds, 3), 'us_per_event': round(1e6 * seconds / events, 1), 'done': run.done}
+        if shim:
+            out['shim'] = json.loads((WORK / 'shim-stats.json').read_text())
+            out['shipper'] = json.loads(lines[-1]) if lines else None
+    print(json.dumps({'run': 'price', 'events': events, **out}), flush=True)
+
+
+def main():
+    keys = build()
+    what = sys.argv[1]
+    if what == 'identity':
+        identity(keys, int(sys.argv[2]), int(sys.argv[3]))
+    elif what == 'takeover':
+        takeover(keys, int(sys.argv[2]), int(sys.argv[3]))
+    elif what == 'torn':  # the whole node killed, its cuts sent as small records: the follower left with part of one
+        os.environ['SHIPPER_RECORD'] = sys.argv[4] if len(sys.argv) > 4 else '512'
+        ENV['SHIPPER_RECORD'] = os.environ['SHIPPER_RECORD']
+        takeover(keys, int(sys.argv[2]), int(sys.argv[3]), torn=True)
+    elif what == 'price':
+        price(keys, int(sys.argv[2]))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/shim.c b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/shim.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ff38a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/shim.c
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+/* Research 046 (029's principle 2, its breaking experiment): what an owner's store does to its files, shipped as it is.
+ * Preloaded into the owner (pure-run --store DIR), it sees every call that changes a file under DIR (SHIM_STORE, an
+ * absolute path) and keeps it as an op (ops.h). Each fsync or fdatasync of such a file or directory ends a cut: the
+ * cut goes to the shipper (SHIM_SOCKET, a unix socket), and the sync returns only once the shipper says the follower
+ * has it (synchronous: the owner holds one cut in flight, no log). A call that would change a file under DIR some way
+ * not shipped (a shared writable mapping, a duplicated descriptor) stops the process: a copy that differs in silence
+ * would be no finding at all.
+ *
+ * SHIM_PAUSE_EVERY=N with SHIM_PAUSE_DIR: after every Nth cut's sync, it writes the cut's number to DIR/paused and
+ * waits for a byte from DIR/resume (the harness compares the two stores meanwhile). SHIM_STATS: a file for counts at
+ * exit (ops and bytes by kind, cuts, the time waited for acks, the names renamed to). SHIM_JOURNAL: a file that gets
+ * every cut's ops as shipped, in order (prefixes.py makes stores of its prefixes).
+ *
+ *   cc -O2 -std=gnu17 -fPIC -shared shim.c -ldl -pthread -o shim.so */
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include "ops.h"
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+enum { FDS = 65536 };
+static char *paths[FDS]; /* an open descriptor's path relative to the store, when it is under it */
+static char root[PATH_MAX];
+static size_t root_length;
+static bool active;
+static pthread_mutex_t lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static unsigned char *ops;
+static size_t used, room;
+static uint64_t cuts, op_count[OP_KINDS], op_bytes[OP_KINDS], shipped, waited_ns;
+static int link_fd = -1, journal_fd = -1; /* SHIM_JOURNAL: every cut's ops, in order, for prefixes.py */
+static char renamed[32][64]; /* the names renamed to, and how often (in the counts at exit) */
+static uint64_t renamed_count[32];
+static unsigned renamed_names;
+static unsigned pause_every;
+static char pause_dir[PATH_MAX];
+
+static int (*real_open)(const char *, int, ...);
+static int (*real_openat)(int, const char *, int, ...);
+static int (*real_close)(int);
+static ssize_t (*real_pwrite)(int, const void *, size_t, off_t);
+static int (*real_ftruncate)(int, off_t);
+static int (*real_posix_fallocate)(int, off_t, off_t);
+static int (*real_renameat)(int, const char *, int, const char *);
+static int (*real_unlinkat)(int, const char *, int);
+static int (*real_mkdir)(const char *, mode_t);
+static int (*real_fsync)(int);
+static int (*real_fdatasync)(int);
+static void *(*real_mmap)(void *, size_t, int, int, int, off_t);
+static int (*real_fcntl)(int, int, ...);
+static ssize_t (*real_write)(int, const void *, size_t);
+
+static void stop(const char *why, const char *path) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "shim: %s (%s): stopping, the follower would differ\n", why, path ? path : "");
+    abort();
+}
+
+__attribute__((constructor)) static void start(void) {
+    real_open = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "open"), real_openat = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "openat"), real_close = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "close");
+    real_pwrite = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "pwrite"), real_ftruncate = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "ftruncate");
+    real_posix_fallocate = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "posix_fallocate"), real_renameat = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "renameat");
+    real_unlinkat = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "unlinkat"), real_mkdir = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "mkdir");
+    real_fsync = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "fsync"), real_fdatasync = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "fdatasync");
+    real_mmap = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "mmap"), real_fcntl = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "fcntl"), real_write = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "write");
+    const char *store = getenv("SHIM_STORE");
+    if (!store || store[0] != '/' || strlen(store) >= sizeof(root)) return;
+    strcpy(root, store);
+    root_length = strlen(root);
+    while (root_length > 1 && root[root_length - 1] == '/') root[--root_length] = 0;
+    const char *every = getenv("SHIM_PAUSE_EVERY"), *dir = getenv("SHIM_PAUSE_DIR");
+    if (every && dir && strlen(dir) < sizeof(pause_dir) - 16) pause_every = (unsigned)atoi(every), strcpy(pause_dir, dir);
+    active = true;
+}
+
+__attribute__((destructor)) static void finish(void) {
+    const char *at = getenv("SHIM_STATS");
+    FILE *f = at && active ? fopen(at, "w") : NULL;
+    if (!f) return;
+    fprintf(f, "{\"cuts\":%llu,\"shipped_bytes\":%llu,\"waited_ms\":%.1f", (unsigned long long)cuts,
+            (unsigned long long)shipped, waited_ns / 1e6);
+    for (int k = 1; k < OP_KINDS; ++k)
+        fprintf(f, ",\"%s\":[%llu,%llu]", op_names[k], (unsigned long long)op_count[k], (unsigned long long)op_bytes[k]);
+    fprintf(f, ",\"renamed_to\":{");
+    for (unsigned r = 0; r < renamed_names; ++r) fprintf(f, "%s\"%s\":%llu", r ? "," : "", renamed[r], (unsigned long long)renamed_count[r]);
+    fprintf(f, "}}\n");
+    fclose(f);
+}
+
+/* path made absolute (against dirfd's or the working directory) and without "." parts: relative to the store, or NULL. */
+static char *under(int dirfd, const char *path) {
+    if (!active || !path) return NULL;
+    char whole[2 * PATH_MAX];
+    if (path[0] == '/') snprintf(whole, sizeof(whole), "%s", path);
+    else if (dirfd == AT_FDCWD) {
+        char cwd[PATH_MAX];
+        if (!getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd))) return NULL;
+        snprintf(whole, sizeof(whole), "%s/%s", cwd, path);
+    } else if (dirfd >= 0 && dirfd < FDS && paths[dirfd])
+        snprintf(whole, sizeof(whole), "%s%s%s/%s", root, paths[dirfd][0] ? "/" : "", paths[dirfd], path);
+    else return NULL;
+    /* drop "/." parts and a trailing "/" */
+    char clean[2 * PATH_MAX];
+    size_t n = 0;
+    for (const char *p = whole; *p;) {
+        if (p[0] == '/' && p[1] == '.' && (p[2] == '/' || p[2] == 0)) { p += 2; continue; }
+        if (p[0] == '/' && p[1] == '/') { ++p; continue; }
+        clean[n++] = *p++;
+    }
+    while (n > 1 && clean[n - 1] == '/') --n;
+    clean[n] = 0;
+    if (!strncmp(clean, root, root_length) && (clean[root_length] == 0 || clean[root_length] == '/'))
+        return strdup(clean[root_length] ? clean + root_length + 1 : "");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void keep(int fd, char *relative) {
+    if (fd < 0 || fd >= FDS) { free(relative); return; }
+    free(paths[fd]);
+    paths[fd] = relative;
+}
+
+static unsigned char *op(uint8_t kind, const char *path, size_t extra) {
+    size_t length = strlen(path), need = 3 + length + extra;
+    if (used + need > room) {
+        size_t more = room ? room : 1 << 20;
+        while (used + need > more) more *= 2;
+        if (!(ops = realloc(ops, more))) stop("out of memory", path);
+        room = more;
+    }
+    unsigned char *p = ops + used;
+    p[0] = kind;
+    put16(p + 1, (uint16_t)length);
+    memcpy(p + 3, path, length);
+    used += need;
+    ++op_count[kind], op_bytes[kind] += need;
+    return p + 3 + length;
+}
+
+static bool full(int fd, const void *bytes, size_t size) {
+    for (const unsigned char *p = bytes; size;) {
+        ssize_t n = real_write(fd, p, size);
+        if (n <= 0) { if (n < 0 && errno == EINTR) continue; return false; }
+        p += n, size -= (size_t)n;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+static bool whole_read(int fd, void *bytes, size_t size) {
+    for (unsigned char *p = bytes; size;) {
+        ssize_t n = read(fd, p, size);
+        if (n <= 0) { if (n < 0 && errno == EINTR) continue; return false; }
+        p += n, size -= (size_t)n;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+/* A cut ends with path's sync: shipped, and waited for until the follower has it. */
+static void cut(const char *path) {
+    (void)op(OP_SYNC, path, 0);
+    ++cuts;
+    if (link_fd < 0) {
+        const char *at = getenv("SHIM_SOCKET");
+        struct sockaddr_un address = {.sun_family = AF_UNIX};
+        if (!at || strlen(at) >= sizeof(address.sun_path)) stop("no SHIM_SOCKET", path);
+        strcpy(address.sun_path, at);
+        if ((link_fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0)) < 0 ||
+            connect(link_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address, sizeof(address)))
+            stop("cannot reach the shipper", at);
+    }
+    unsigned char head[16];
+    put64(head, cuts), put64(head + 8, used);
+    struct timespec a, b;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &a);
+    if (!full(link_fd, head, sizeof(head)) || !full(link_fd, ops, used)) stop("the shipper went", path);
+    unsigned char ack[8];
+    if (!whole_read(link_fd, ack, sizeof(ack)) || get64(ack) != cuts) stop("no ack for the cut", path);
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &b);
+    waited_ns += (uint64_t)((b.tv_sec - a.tv_sec) * 1000000000LL + (b.tv_nsec - a.tv_nsec));
+    if (journal_fd < 0 && getenv("SHIM_JOURNAL")) journal_fd = real_open(getenv("SHIM_JOURNAL"), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0600);
+    if (journal_fd >= 0 && !full(journal_fd, ops, used)) stop("the journal", getenv("SHIM_JOURNAL"));
+    shipped += used;
+    used = 0;
+}
+
+static void pause_if_due(void) {
+    if (!pause_every || cuts % pause_every) return;
+    char at[PATH_MAX + 16], line[32];
+    snprintf(at, sizeof(at), "%s/paused", pause_dir);
+    int fd = real_open(at, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (fd < 0) stop("no paused fifo", at);
+    int n = snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "%llu\n", (unsigned long long)cuts);
+    full(fd, line, (size_t)n);
+    real_close(fd);
+    snprintf(at, sizeof(at), "%s/resume", pause_dir);
+    if ((fd = real_open(at, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)) < 0) stop("no resume fifo", at);
+    char go;
+    whole_read(fd, &go, 1);
+    real_close(fd);
+}
+
+static int opened(int fd, char *relative, int flags, mode_t mode) {
+    if (fd < 0 || !relative) { free(relative); return fd; }
+    if (flags & (O_CREAT | O_TRUNC)) {
+        unsigned char *p = op(OP_CREATE, relative, 8);
+        put32(p, (uint32_t)(flags & (O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_TRUNC))), put32(p + 4, (uint32_t)mode);
+    }
+    keep(fd, relative);
+    return fd;
+}
+
+int open(const char *path, int flags, ...) {
+    mode_t mode = 0;
+    if (flags & (O_CREAT | O_TMPFILE)) { va_list v; va_start(v, flags); mode = va_arg(v, mode_t); va_end(v); }
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    char *relative = under(AT_FDCWD, path);
+    if (relative && (flags & O_TMPFILE) == O_TMPFILE) stop("O_TMPFILE", path);
+    int fd = real_open(path, flags, mode);
+    fd = opened(fd, relative, flags, mode);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return fd;
+}
+
+int openat(int dirfd, const char *path, int flags, ...) {
+    mode_t mode = 0;
+    if (flags & (O_CREAT | O_TMPFILE)) { va_list v; va_start(v, flags); mode = va_arg(v, mode_t); va_end(v); }
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    char *relative = under(dirfd, path);
+    if (relative && (flags & O_TMPFILE) == O_TMPFILE) stop("O_TMPFILE", path);
+    int fd = real_openat(dirfd, path, flags, mode);
+    fd = opened(fd, relative, flags, mode);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return fd;
+}
+
+int close(int fd) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    if (fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd]) free(paths[fd]), paths[fd] = NULL;
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return real_close(fd);
+}
+
+/* A call that changes a file runs under the lock: two threads' ops are kept in the order they happened. */
+ssize_t pwrite(int fd, const void *bytes, size_t size, off_t offset) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    ssize_t n = real_pwrite(fd, bytes, size, offset);
+    if (n > 0 && fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd]) {
+        unsigned char *p = op(OP_WRITE, paths[fd], 12 + (size_t)n);
+        put64(p, (uint64_t)offset), put32(p + 8, (uint32_t)n);
+        memcpy(p + 12, bytes, (size_t)n);
+    }
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return n;
+}
+ssize_t pwrite64(int fd, const void *bytes, size_t size, off_t offset) { return pwrite(fd, bytes, size, offset); }
+
+ssize_t write(int fd, const void *bytes, size_t size) {
+    if (fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd] && size) stop("write without an offset", paths[fd]);
+    return real_write(fd, bytes, size);
+}
+
+int ftruncate(int fd, off_t length) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    int rc = real_ftruncate(fd, length);
+    if (!rc && fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd]) put64(op(OP_TRUNCATE, paths[fd], 8), (uint64_t)length);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+int posix_fallocate(int fd, off_t offset, off_t length) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    int rc = real_posix_fallocate(fd, offset, length);
+    if (!rc && fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd]) {
+        unsigned char *p = op(OP_ALLOCATE, paths[fd], 16);
+        put64(p, (uint64_t)offset), put64(p + 8, (uint64_t)length);
+    }
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+int renameat(int from_dir, const char *from, int to_dir, const char *to) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    char *a = under(from_dir, from), *b = under(to_dir, to);
+    int rc = real_renameat(from_dir, from, to_dir, to);
+    if (!rc && (a || b)) {
+        if (!a || !b) stop("a rename into or out of the store", a ? a : b);
+        unsigned r = 0;
+        while (r < renamed_names && strcmp(renamed[r], b)) ++r;
+        if (r == renamed_names && r < 32) snprintf(renamed[renamed_names++], sizeof(renamed[0]), "%s", b);
+        if (r < 32) ++renamed_count[r];
+        unsigned char *p = op(OP_RENAME, a, 2 + strlen(b));
+        put16(p, (uint16_t)strlen(b));
+        memcpy(p + 2, b, strlen(b));
+    }
+    free(a), free(b);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+int unlinkat(int dirfd, const char *path, int flags) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    char *relative = under(dirfd, path);
+    int rc = real_unlinkat(dirfd, path, flags);
+    if (!rc && relative) put32(op(OP_UNLINK, relative, 4), (uint32_t)flags);
+    free(relative);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+int mkdir(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    char *relative = under(AT_FDCWD, path);
+    int rc = real_mkdir(path, mode);
+    if (!rc && relative) put32(op(OP_MKDIR, relative, 4), (uint32_t)mode);
+    free(relative);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+static int synced(int fd, int (*real)(int)) {
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    bool due = false;
+    if (fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd]) cut(paths[fd]), due = true;
+    int rc = real(fd);
+    if (due) pause_if_due();
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+    return rc;
+}
+int fsync(int fd) { return synced(fd, real_fsync); }
+int fdatasync(int fd) { return synced(fd, real_fdatasync); }
+
+void *mmap(void *at, size_t size, int protection, int flags, int fd, off_t offset) {
+    if (fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd] && protection & PROT_WRITE && flags & MAP_SHARED) stop("a shared writable mapping", paths[fd]);
+    return real_mmap(at, size, protection, flags, fd, offset);
+}
+
+int fcntl(int fd, int command, ...) {
+    va_list v;
+    va_start(v, command);
+    void *argument = va_arg(v, void *);
+    va_end(v);
+    if (fd >= 0 && fd < FDS && paths[fd] && (command == F_DUPFD || command == F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)) stop("a duplicated descriptor", paths[fd]);
+    return real_fcntl(fd, command, argument);
+}
diff --git a/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/shipper.c b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/shipper.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57fc877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/research/experiments/046-commit-replica/shipper.c
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/* Research 046: the owner's side of the link. Takes the shim's cuts on a unix socket (u64le the cut's number, u64le
+ * its size, its ops), sends each over pure link as records of whole ops (ops.h: u8 1 on its last, the cut's number,
+ * the ops; at most RECORD bytes but for an op larger alone; SHIPPER_RECORD sets it), and answers the shim with the cut's number once the
+ * link says the follower saved its last record (pure_link_delivered): the owner's sync waits for that.
+ *
+ *   shipper SOCKET pure://127.0.0.1:PORT/store KEY FOLLOWER_PUBLIC_HEX     at its end, one JSON line of counts */
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include "link.h"
+#include "seal.h"
+#include "ops.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+static size_t RECORD = 1 << 20; /* SHIPPER_RECORD: smaller, so a cut is several records (one torn at a kill) */
+static pthread_mutex_t lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static pthread_cond_t saved = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
+
+static void notify(void *context) {
+    (void)context;
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+    pthread_cond_broadcast(&saved);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+}
+
+static bool whole_read(int fd, void *bytes, size_t size) {
+    for (unsigned char *p = bytes; size;) {
+        ssize_t n = read(fd, p, size);
+        if (n <= 0) { if (n < 0 && errno == EINTR) continue; return false; }
+        p += n, size -= (size_t)n;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    if (argc != 5) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s SOCKET URL KEY FOLLOWER_PUBLIC_HEX\n", argv[0]); return 2; }
+    if (getenv("SHIPPER_RECORD")) RECORD = (size_t)atol(getenv("SHIPPER_RECORD"));
+    char error[256], public_hex[2 * PURE_SEAL_KEY + 1];
+    unsigned char own_public[PURE_SEAL_KEY], peer[PURE_SEAL_KEY];
+    PureSealKey *key = pure_seal_key(argv[3], public_hex, error, sizeof(error));
+    if (!key || !pure_seal_peer(public_hex, own_public) || !pure_seal_peer(argv[4], peer)) { fprintf(stderr, "shipper: %s\n", error); return 1; }
+    PureLink *link = pure_link_open(argv[2], "owner", 1, key, own_public, error, sizeof(error));
+    if (!link) { fprintf(stderr, "shipper: %s\n", error); return 1; }
+    pure_link_peer(link, peer);
+    if (!pure_link_start(link, notify, NULL, error, sizeof(error))) { fprintf(stderr, "shipper: %s\n", error); return 1; }
+    struct sockaddr_un address = {.sun_family = AF_UNIX};
+    if (strlen(argv[1]) >= sizeof(address.sun_path)) return 1;
+    strcpy(address.sun_path, argv[1]);
+    unlink(argv[1]);
+    int listening = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    if (listening < 0 || bind(listening, (struct sockaddr *)&address, sizeof(address)) || listen(listening, 1)) {
+        perror("shipper: socket");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    printf("{\"ready\":true}\n");
+    fflush(stdout);
+    int shim = accept(listening, NULL, NULL);
+    if (shim < 0) return 1;
+    uint64_t seq = 0, cuts = 0, bytes = 0, records = 0, waited_ns = 0;
+    unsigned char *cut = NULL, *record = malloc(RECORD + 64);
+    size_t room = 0;
+    for (;;) {
+        unsigned char head[16];
+        if (!whole_read(shim, head, sizeof(head))) break; /* the owner ended (or was killed) */
+        uint64_t number = get64(head), size = get64(head + 8);
+        if (size > room && !(cut = realloc(cut, room = size))) return 1;
+        if (!whole_read(shim, cut, size)) break;
+        /* whole ops into records */
+        for (size_t at = 0; at < size;) {
+            size_t length = 9;
+            size_t end = at;
+            while (end < size) {
+                size_t n = op_size(cut + end, size - end);
+                if (!n) { fprintf(stderr, "shipper: a torn op in cut %llu\n", (unsigned long long)number); return 1; }
+                if (end > at && length + n > RECORD) break;
+                length += n, end += n;
+            }
+            unsigned char *r = length <= RECORD + 64 ? record : malloc(length);
+            r[0] = end == size;
+            put64(r + 1, number);
+            memcpy(r + 9, cut + at, end - at);
+            if (!pure_link_queue(link, ++seq, r, length)) { fprintf(stderr, "shipper: not queued\n"); return 1; }
+            if (r != record) free(r);
+            ++records, bytes += length;
+            at = end;
+        }
+        struct timespec a, b;
+        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &a);
+        pure_link_push(link);
+        pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+        while (pure_link_delivered(link) < seq) {
+            struct timespec until;
+            clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &until);
+            until.tv_nsec += 10 * 1000000;
+            if (until.tv_nsec >= 1000000000) until.tv_sec += 1, until.tv_nsec -= 1000000000;
+            pthread_cond_timedwait(&saved, &lock, &until);
+        }
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &b);
+        waited_ns += (uint64_t)((b.tv_sec - a.tv_sec) * 1000000000LL + (b.tv_nsec - a.tv_nsec));
+        ++cuts;
+        unsigned char ack[8];
+        put64(ack, number);
+        if (write(shim, ack, sizeof(ack)) != sizeof(ack)) break;
+    }
+    PureLinkCounts counts;
+    pure_link_counts(link, &counts);
+    printf("{\"cuts\":%llu,\"records\":%llu,\"record_bytes\":%llu,\"waited_ms\":%.1f,\"packets\":%llu,\"resent\":%llu}\n",
+           (unsigned long long)cuts, (unsigned long long)records, (unsigned long long)bytes, waited_ns / 1e6,
+           (unsigned long long)counts.packets, (unsigned long long)counts.resent);
+    pure_link_close(link);
+    pure_seal_key_free(key);
+    return 0;
+}