140's 9, HTTP/1.1 requests a packet at a time (RFC 9112), written in aup with no new opcode (aup's examples/http.aup: each packet an event, its bytes added to what the last left, every request they complete read, h11's grammar): 200 streams (132,623 bytes, 578 requests: methods, targets, HTTP/1.1 and a last 1.0, mixed-case names, spaces around values, Content-Length and chunked bodies with extensions and trailers, some ending in part of a request) fed whole, at random boundaries and a byte at a time (the 50 under 400 bytes), the requests read h11's on every cut and the bytes left those after them, the three paths' outputs the same bytes; 200 damaged streams fed whole as http_requests.py (the Python reference) reads them, 35 refused by both and 165 the same; module_specs in make check: 80 streams and their reading (tests/specs/http, no h11 at check time) whole on the three paths and cut 88 ways; bars: written, three workarounds (the bytes left in a list of one: bytes are no state; names and codings compared as text: bytes have no ==; field lines returned in a record: a fn returns no bare list), 159 lines against Python's 79, 278 ns a byte against the same algorithm in C 3.27 (85x), pure Python 67 (its bytes methods are C: Pure 4.1x slower), h11 284; 140's decision point after 027: bytes alone as a state (inflate, HTTP) and bytes' == (DNS, HTTP) now each met by two written specs, so the two-spec rule lets them into the core (their design not begun); a view calling a block fn met by one (DNS); aup's three its compiler's; CHECKPOINT's direction row

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diff --git a/research/experiments/044-specs/http_check.py b/research/experiments/044-specs/http_check.py
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/research/experiments/044-specs/http_check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Research 140: HTTP/1.1 requests read a packet at a time, written in aup (aup's examples/http.aup).
+
+Builds it with aup (AUP, default the sibling checkout) and feeds it streams of pipelined requests (methods, targets,
+HTTP/1.1 and a last HTTP/1.0, fields with mixed-case names and spaces around their values, bodies by Content-Length or
+chunked with extensions and trailers, some streams ending in part of a request), each cut into packets: whole, at
+random boundaries, and a byte at a time for the shorter ones, each packet an event. The requests read must be h11's (a
+known implementation that reads as bytes come) and the bytes left those after the last of them, on every cut, and the
+three paths (batches, rounds, all compiled) the same. Then damaged streams (cut short, a bit flipped) fed whole against http_requests.py, which reads
+them the same way: the same requests and bytes left when it takes one, a failed event when it refuses it. Then counts
+lines (code lines: neither blank nor a comment; brace lines: a closing brace alone) of http.aup and of
+http_requests.py's algorithm. One JSON line. Given a path, it also writes the whole streams there for http_time.c; given a directory after it, Pure's
+tests/specs/http there."""
+import json, os, random, subprocess, sys, tempfile
+
+import h11
+
+here = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+pure = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(here, '../../..'))
+aup = os.environ.get('AUP', os.path.join(pure, '..', 'aup'))
+sys.path.insert(0, here)
+import http_requests  # noqa: E402
+
+TOKEN = "!#$%&'*+-.^_`|~0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+
+
+def lines(path, stop=None):
+    code = braces = 0
+    for line in open(path):
+        if stop and line.startswith(stop): break
+        text = line.strip()
+        if not text or text.startswith('#'): continue
+        code += 1
+        braces += text == '}'
+    return code, braces
+
+
+def streams(chooser, count):
+    def word(chars, low, high):
+        return ''.join(chooser.choices(chars, k=chooser.randrange(low, high))).encode()
+
+    def ows():
+        return chooser.choice([b'', b'', b' ', b'\t', b'  \t'])
+
+    def request(minor):
+        method = chooser.choice([b'GET', b'POST', b'PUT', b'DELETE', b'PATCH', b'OPTIONS', b'HEAD', word(TOKEN, 1, 8)])
+        target = b'/' + bytes(chooser.randrange(0x21, 0x7f) for _ in range(chooser.randrange(0, 30)))
+        fields = [(chooser.choice([b'Host', b'host', b'HOST']), b'example.com')]
+        for _ in range(chooser.randrange(0, 6)):
+            name = word(TOKEN, 1, 12)
+            if name.lower() in (b'host', b'content-length', b'transfer-encoding', b'connection', b'expect', b'upgrade'):
+                continue
+            value = (b' ' if chooser.random() < 0.5 else b'\t').join(
+                bytes(chooser.randrange(0x21, 0x7f) for _ in range(chooser.randrange(1, 10))) for _ in range(chooser.randrange(0, 4)))
+            fields.append((name, value))
+        chooser.shuffle(fields)
+        body, framing = b'', []
+        pick = chooser.random()
+        if pick < 0.35:
+            body = bytes(chooser.randrange(256) for _ in range(chooser.randrange(0, 300)))
+            framing = [(b'Content-Length', str(len(body)).encode())]
+        elif pick < 0.65 and minor == 1:
+            framing = [(chooser.choice([b'Transfer-Encoding', b'transfer-encoding']), chooser.choice([b'chunked', b'Chunked']))]
+            chunks = [bytes(chooser.randrange(256) for _ in range(chooser.randrange(1, 120))) for _ in range(chooser.randrange(0, 5))]
+            for c in chunks:
+                size = (f'{len(c):x}' if chooser.random() < 0.5 else f'{len(c):X}').encode()
+                size = b'0' * chooser.choice([0, 0, 1, 3]) + size
+                tail = b';' + word('abc=', 0, 6) if chooser.random() < 0.3 else ows()
+                body += size + tail + b'\r\n' + c + b'\r\n'
+            trailers = b''.join(word(TOKEN, 1, 8) + b':' + ows() + word('xyz', 0, 6) + b'\r\n' for _ in range(chooser.randrange(0, 3)))
+            body += b'0' + (b';x' if chooser.random() < 0.2 else b'') + b'\r\n' + trailers + b'\r\n'
+        head = method + b' ' + target + b' HTTP/1.' + str(minor).encode() + b'\r\n'
+        head += b''.join(n + b':' + ows() + v + ows() + b'\r\n' for n, v in fields + framing)
+        return head + b'\r\n' + body
+
+    out = []
+    for _ in range(count):
+        stream = b''.join(request(1) for _ in range(chooser.randrange(1, 5)))
+        if chooser.random() < 0.2:
+            stream += request(0)  # an HTTP/1.0 request ends its connection: last
+        elif chooser.random() < 0.3:
+            part = request(1)
+            stream += part[:chooser.randrange(1, len(part))]
+        out.append(stream)
+    return out
+
+
+def cuts(chooser, stream):
+    """The stream whole, at random boundaries, and (if it is short) a byte at a time."""
+    at = sorted(chooser.sample(range(1, len(stream)), min(len(stream) - 1, chooser.randrange(1, 12))))
+    out = [[stream], [stream[a:b] for a, b in zip([0] + at, at + [len(stream)])]]
+    if len(stream) < 400:
+        out.append([stream[i:i + 1] for i in range(len(stream))])
+    return out
+
+
+def h11_reading(packets):
+    """The requests h11 reads whole from the packets, each as http_requests' tuples. (h11 hands a request's line, fields
+    and body on as they come, so the bytes left are those after the last whole request, as http_requests keeps them.)"""
+    conn, out, current = h11.Connection(h11.SERVER), [], None
+    for packet in packets:
+        conn.receive_data(packet)
+        while True:
+            event = conn.next_event()
+            if event in (h11.NEED_DATA, h11.PAUSED):
+                break
+            if isinstance(event, h11.Request):
+                current = [event.method, event.target, int(event.http_version[-1:]), list(event.headers), b'', []]
+            elif isinstance(event, h11.Data):
+                current[4] += event.data
+            elif isinstance(event, h11.EndOfMessage):
+                current[5] = list(event.headers)
+                out.append(tuple(current))
+                conn.send(h11.Response(status_code=200, headers=[(b'content-length', b'0')]))
+                conn.send(h11.EndOfMessage())
+                if conn.our_state is h11.DONE and conn.their_state is h11.DONE:
+                    conn.start_next_cycle()
+    return out
+
+
+def normal(requests):
+    """Requests with transfer-encoding's value lowercased, as h11 hands it on (that field alone)."""
+    return [(m, t, v, [(n, x.lower() if n == b'transfer-encoding' else x) for n, x in f], b, tr) for m, t, v, f, b, tr in requests]
+
+
+def run(module, packets, env, work):
+    given = []
+    for n, packet in enumerate(packets):
+        path = os.path.join(work, f'{n}.packet')
+        with open(path, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(packet)
+        given.append(f'message packet @{path}\n')
+    out = subprocess.run([os.path.join(pure, 'build', 'pure-run'), module], input=''.join(given), capture_output=True,
+                         text=True, env=dict(os.environ, **env), timeout=600).stdout.splitlines()
+    state = json.loads(out[-1])
+    s = state['states']
+    pairs = lambda fs: [(bytes.fromhex(f['name']), bytes.fromhex(f['value'])) for f in fs]
+    requests = [(bytes.fromhex(r['method']), bytes.fromhex(r['target']), r['minor'], pairs(r['fields']), bytes.fromhex(r['body']),
+                 pairs(r['trailers'])) for r in s['requests']]
+    left = bytes.fromhex(s['pending'][0]['data']) if s['pending'] else b''
+    return out, (requests, left), any(json.loads(line)['fault'] != 'none' for line in out)
+
+
+chooser = random.Random(140)
+made = streams(chooser, 200)
+if len(sys.argv) > 1:  # the whole streams (no request left in part) for http_time.c: each a u32 big-endian length, then it
+    with open(sys.argv[1], 'wb') as f:
+        f.write(b''.join(len(s).to_bytes(4, 'big') + s for s in made if not http_requests.feed(b'', s)[1]))
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:  # Pure's tests/specs/http: the first 80 streams so, and what http_requests (h11's reading) reads
+    with open(os.path.join(sys.argv[2], 'streams.bin'), 'wb') as f:
+        f.write(b''.join(len(s).to_bytes(4, 'big') + s for s in made[:80]))
+    hexed = lambda fs: [[n.hex(), v.hex()] for n, v in fs]
+    with open(os.path.join(sys.argv[2], 'read.json'), 'w') as f:
+        json.dump([{'requests': [[m.hex(), t.hex(), v, hexed(fs), b.hex(), hexed(tr)] for m, t, v, fs, b, tr in got], 'left': left.hex()}
+                   for got, left in (http_requests.feed(b'', s) for s in made[:80])], f, separators=(',', ':'))
+        f.write('\n')
+paths = {'batches': 0, 'rounds': 0, 'all': 0}
+fed = {'whole': 0, 'random': 0, 'bytes': 0}
+same_paths = True
+with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as work:
+    module = os.path.join(work, 'http.pmod')
+    subprocess.run([os.path.join(aup, 'build', 'aup'), 'build', os.path.join(aup, 'examples', 'http.aup'), '-o', module],
+                   check=True)
+    for stream in made:
+        for kind, packets in zip(('whole', 'random', 'bytes'), cuts(chooser, stream)):
+            want = http_requests.feed(b'', stream)
+            assert normal(want[0]) == h11_reading(packets), 'the reference differs from h11'
+            envs = (('batches', {'PURE_JIT': '0'}), ('rounds', {'PURE_JIT': '0', 'PURE_BATCH': '0'}), ('all', {'PURE_JIT': 'all'})) \
+                if kind == 'random' else (('batches', {'PURE_JIT': '0'}),)
+            raws = []
+            for name, env in envs:
+                raw, got, failed = run(module, packets, env, work)
+                right = not failed and got == want
+                fed[kind] += right and name == 'batches'
+                if kind == 'random':
+                    paths[name] += right
+                raws.append(raw)
+            same_paths = same_paths and all(r == raws[0] for r in raws)
+    broken = []
+    for stream in chooser.sample(made, 100):
+        flipped = bytearray(stream)
+        flipped[chooser.randrange(len(stream))] ^= 1 << chooser.randrange(8)
+        broken += [stream[:chooser.randrange(1, len(stream))], bytes(flipped)]
+    agreed = refused = 0
+    for stream in broken:
+        try:
+            want = http_requests.feed(b'', stream)
+        except ValueError:
+            want = None
+        refused += want is None
+        _, got, failed = run(module, [stream], {}, work)
+        agreed += (want is None and failed) or (want is not None and not failed and got == want)
+aup_code, aup_braces = lines(os.path.join(aup, 'examples', 'http.aup'))
+python_code, _ = lines(os.path.join(here, 'http_requests.py'), stop='if __name__')
+ok = all(n == len(made) for n in paths.values()) and fed['whole'] == fed['random'] == len(made) and same_paths and \
+    fed['bytes'] == sum(len(s) < 400 for s in made) and agreed == len(broken)
+print(json.dumps({'streams': len(made), 'bytes': sum(map(len, made)),
+                  'requests': sum(len(http_requests.feed(b'', s)[0]) for s in made), 'right': fed, 'paths': paths,
+                  'paths_same': same_paths, 'damaged': len(broken), 'damaged_refused': refused, 'damaged_agreed': agreed,
+                  'aup_lines': aup_code, 'aup_brace_lines': aup_braces, 'python_lines': python_code}))
+sys.exit(0 if ok else 1)