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128) when every list takes its items so (an event's list, no index into it, one append to it: FLAT not keyed at its end, DENSE by keys it holds at its count, HASHED by number; never past its arrays' limit) and the memory budget takes them all (each item only grows what it counts): columns grown and widened once, the first key there already the executor's EXISTS at its round; else round by round as before, tried at once again after a round that changed a list's form. 50,000 DENSE adds 5.18 to 0.65 ms (the compiled code 0.28). APPEND_SOURCE: keys there already at rounds q and p, keys past a DENSE list's from round p, two appends to one list, widened columns, under memory budgets (seeds 1, 2, 3, 5, 23 alike: 31,402 batches at once in seed 23's, 292 by the budget round by round)
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at a time: each lane an item's place (ROW of the walked list affine), its work counted as it opened, its place moved past the batch; no append to the walked list. module_tier makes walks of rounds apart (f, g, h, slices of g; seeds 1, 2, 3, 5, 23 alike: 1,891 walk batches in seed 1); BATCH_SOURCE walks a slice
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e, neither reading L; the set at k's row as found), keeps its rows and e from the pass (the second k, its find and the cell's read skipped) and adds them at the batch's end round by round as the executor adds and sets (a sum not finite: the executor's fault at its round; a column too narrow widened); a batch reading or setting those cells otherwise gives its rounds back. Recurrence steps one dispatch each. PURE_JIT=0 join 428 to 165 ms (the compiled code 78). module_tier makes sums into cells (seeds 1, 23 alike: 278 batches with them in seed 1); BATCH_SOURCE sums into three cells in turn
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sets it, every set of it x = e of x, numbers, fields, states, the loop's value and locals the block does not set, in no branch's way; its sets planned PLAN_RECUR) runs ahead of the batch round by round as steps decoded once a batch, as the executor computes them (a round's fault gives the batch back), leaving its value at each other read in each lane; the batch's pass skips its sets. matmul's, knapsack's and join's table loops batch: matmul 50 to 46 ms. module_tier makes loops with a recurrence (x1) ahead of appends, sets and sums (seeds 1, 2, 3, 5, 23 alike); RECUR_SOURCE: two updates a round, a division by 0 and a product past the numbers at some round, under work and memory budgets
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with no room left for a list's headroom kept its live count anyway (in x30, the 13th register) and wrote that stale count over the list's own after its appends went the unbooked way (a loop of appends after a doubly nested loop reading t.has, PURE_JIT=all: e.count 1 for 36)
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appended in a batch's block (to a list the block reads nowhere else, no index into it, no nested loop) is made at the batch's end round by round through the executor's own step: keys there already, the memory budget, its undo log as the executor's; a fault there is the executor's at that round (the event undone: its kind, its instruction and the work so far tell), pure_batch_run's third way out. module_tier's handlers append (e, d) in rounds apart and run under a memory budget too (seeds 1, 2, 3, 5, 23 alike); knapsack's table loop batched (13.8 to 13.7 ms: the appends cost as the executor's)
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growth in registers checks the memory against the books' headroom (the app's growth lacks theirs until written back): it faulted MEMORY a round late, its work a round more than the executor's (a loop appending to DENSE, FLAT and HASHED lists, memory 6000: 3562 for 3525). pure-run: memory N, the states' budget
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same loop: a pass less each), tests of numbers giving four-byte 1s and 0s (a branch's mask as they are), numbers made of four-byte lanes and affine values by loops of their own, the loop's value as numbers made once a batch, no live lanes to make while none broke out or ran out, a small whole count's sum unchecked: PURE_JIT=0 roots 16.8 to 9.1 ms (the compiled code 9.6, C 6.9), matmul 68 to 50
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for every lane together (round t for the lanes with more than t rounds that did not break out; BREAK leaves it lane by lane; its slot as each round sets it), and x = x op e (op +, min, max; x read no other way) is a reduction: each lane's own from op's identity (-0 a sum's), folded in the rounds' order at the batch's end (a sum's lanes of several whole numbers only, below 2^53); nested rounds' work counted for each lane and checked before anything changes; lanes and masks no holder keeps freed between nested rounds. Planned at load: a local read before set in its loop's scope, or not a reduction's, keeps the loop round by round. PURE_JIT=0: roots 130.5 to 16.8 ms, matmul 914.7 to 68.2. module_tier makes nested loops with breaks and reductions (seeds 1, 2, 3, 23: 549 programs alike); NESTED_SOURCE
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(lane forms, locals set before read in every round, ifs, numbers set in items) runs, in the executor, up to 1024 rounds at a time: values uniform, affine or lanes (numbers, or whole numbers in four bytes), branches as masks, cells read by affine rows as strided columns, sets kept to the batch's end and made only when no round reads an earlier round's; a fault, a form it lacks or such a read gives the rounds back to the executor one by one, work counted as written. Planned at load (PURE_BATCH=0: none); the executor of a module without such loops is the same code (run aligned to 64: as many instructions and cycles), with one its own copy. knapsack with PURE_JIT=0: 1,056 to 13.7 ms. module_tier compares batches with the executor alone and makes loops of rounds apart; BATCH_SOURCE: widened columns, -0, a fault mid-batch, rounds reading the last's sets
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off the number pipes the divisions and sums wait on: roots 10.9 to 9.6 ms (1.39x C). 040 newton.c: roots' loop in the forms the tier may make it (the check as numbers 9.7 ms, in integers 8.7, none 7.7; next in r's register as gcc keeps it 7.0)
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round, in range for every round (its opening found it) and in a full list, reads its cell through a pointer, a phi at the loop's head: the column (read from the list) plus the key at round 0 times four where the loop opens, its key's step a round times four added at its latch. The key's nodes, in range, give up nowhere (no snapshot kept), so a key read by such accesses alone is not made; a list found by key alone with such an access is full where the tier begins (else the generic code runs the nest). matmul 23.0 to 14.2 ms (3.1x to 1.9x C)
module_tier's programs sweep lists by keys stepping with a round (in range or not, a list full or not)
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bits): one that an index state then asks where an item went is inserted FLAT, whose key set an item's layout key (-1) would read past; the FLAT and tree key sets kept only for number keys. A list read by position checks for HASHED where it is not a tree alone (stored lists: none of it): the bank queries' instructions within 0.5% of 6b45806 (0.3-0.8% before)
text_keys_equivalence asks where an item went in some events
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(constants between), checks only the last is finite, giving up at the run's first snapshot (the executor makes the run again and fails where it does); a snapshot's constants written as the constants they are, not kept in registers; the generic code's append in a loop keeping its books puts into a HASHED list as append does (its headroom kept). roots 12.2 to 10.9 ms (1.59x C), join 84 to 74 (2.5x)
module_assumptions: a run of products and sums past the largest number (CHAIN_SOURCE)
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slots, as C's table: in the L3), the generic code's APPEND into a HASHED list at its key's slot while its table need not grow, a whole number over a whole one above 0 never -0 (so MINSTD's floor(x * 48271 / p) is whole and x an integer in the tier). join 108 to 84 ms (2.8x C), sort 58 to 37 (1.4x)
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keyed by a text is HASHED from its first item, its table's slots holding the texts' hashes (FNV-1a), a match the key cell's bytes too; HAS and a field by key read the table; its order made by a merge sort (the first eight bytes as a number, then all). A FIND whose index only an ITEM_SET of its list takes, the code between in a line finding by key alone, sets the item where it was found (PLAN_ROW: a HASHED list's slot, no position made). words 453 to 217 ms (5.8x C)
text_keys_equivalence: adds, has, fields by key, sets where found, positions, runs, removes and clears against a tree keyed by the text
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each item's cells at its key's slot in its members' table, found by key there (the key and its cells read at one slot, as C's table); its order made by a radix sort of the slots' keys when something asks for a position (twice an event, then FLAT or a tree). The tier finds by key alone in a HASHED list (its bits' bit 1, its limit all ones: the bounds checked at a loop's opening still hold) out of the line; a list keyed by each count in order is DENSE from its first item. join 531 to 108 ms (3.5x C), sort 98 to 58 (2.1x)
arrays_equivalence counts the HASHED form against a tree; module_tier's programs read a HASHED list by key
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one (the round's register the next's: no move on the way back), a way's moves only for phis something needs, a number over a power of two times its reciprocal (the same number), a constant only numbers' arithmetic reads a number made where the tier begins, the 2^53 check in three instructions. roots 14.1 to 12.2 ms (1.78x C), knapsack 8.5 to 7.8 (1.26x)
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rounds it does not run given back where it breaks or gives up), a comparison only a branch reads its flags, a full list's keys read without its bits (a key's position found: its key's register), an add's or sub's register its operand's where that is read last. knapsack 16.5 to 8.5 ms (1.37x C), matmul 25.7 to 22.9
Two bugs the work checks found, there since 6cd7f5a: the outermost loop's round past the work budget gave up at the loop's instruction, with nothing on the stack (the executor opened it again: LIMIT where WORK), now at its iteration; and a phi where an if's ways meet took its merge's loop (-1), so a value made of it was taken as made outside its loop and made once for all rounds. pure-run's budget and work commands; module_tier compares the work and runs four small budgets; module_assumptions keeps both programs
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their loop opens (each affine in its round: both ends below the limit), the checks in the round gone; constants in the instructions (add, sub, cmp); one-byte columns widened to four where the tier begins, its loads and stores of four bytes only. roots 14.0 to 14.0 ms, knapsack 38.8 to 16.5, matmul 48.6 to 25.7
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values in registers (x20-x28 too, the frame's read again where it ends), whole numbers integers by their facts, the message's fields and lists' columns read once, invariants made before inner loops; where anything does not hold it gives up to the executor at the instruction (pure_run_rest) and the generic code goes on. roots 22.9 to 14.0 ms, knapsack 1,030 to 38.8, matmul 908 to 48.6; module_tier checks random handlers against the executor
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often (the bank queries' instructions as before, within 0.4%)
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DENSE list answers by position without becoming FLAT: its keys counted once per change of them (full: a key is its position; else ranks by word). knapsack 1,880 to 1,029 ms, matmul 2,284 to 908 (023 stage 1)
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knapsack, sort, join, words, matmul, BFS), each against the C one would write, in one process with the same inputs and answers; PURE_AHEAD=0 to measure the code without reading ahead
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executor), so their list's columns are there; the keys a list's bits reach none without bits, so one compare asks both; has's rare ways out of the line: a seen edge 14 to 11 instructions, BFS core 8.6 to 7.4 ms (022)
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well as its first: a node's edges cross a line more often than not. BFS core 12.2 to 8.6 ms, 29.4M to 20.7M cycles, past C's 9.4 ms (022)
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small constants and powers of two's products in the instruction; where a check may give up, make the result in x16, the operands as they were for the executor (aup's check caught a register shared with its operand): BFS core 12.5 to 12.2 ms, 46.2M to 43.0M instructions (022)
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items added as its appends make them, the event's headroom, written back before a call, at a fault and as the nest ends: BFS core 14.6 to 12.5 ms, 57.8M to 46.2M instructions (022)
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(narrow columns, counts, their arithmetic within 2^53), giving up to the executor for the rest of a round when that fails: BFS core 14.9 to 13.4 ms (022)
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(TPC-C's) runs in the executor, 2.7% faster there (022); PURE_JIT=all compiles every loop for the checks
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opens it, read an item and find it in key bits as one, branch back once a round: BFS core 19.6 to 14.9 ms (022)
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list's keys as its slots), open a packed list's slice in code with an integer index, keep a nest of loops' values in registers of their own: BFS core 27.5 to 19.6 ms (022)
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on, each loop's columns, key bits and place kept in registers, and appends to an event's list as code: BFS core 55 to 27.5 ms (022)
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fitted to the keys searched, between events, and build trees from the leaves up: BFS core 89 to 55 ms (022)
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a frame's fields one by one, and inline group_of (021)
- Compiled code paid only where blocks repeat; a block run once (a view's
cell, a fold's item, most handlers) ran slower through the code's entry
and its calls of step: the bank's table queries took 16-24% more
instructions. Now only a block with an EACH or a LOOP is compiled, and
a module with none keeps no compiled code.
- run() set its whole frame each time (the compiled code's run among it);
now its fields one by one.
- group_of is inlined into its pass: after the executor's refactor it
was a call per row (per_branch +4-5% instructions; now +1.1-1.3%).
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at the finger's leaf, and move indices only for a list an index refers to (021)
- The frame keeps the run compiled code read a tree's item from last (the
list as it was: its version); an item it holds is read from its column,
else pure_run_item takes the item's run and steps.
- pure_list_run starts at the leaf the finger keeps when it holds the
position (a slice found by key just before): no second descent; the
run after it is found from the root (PureRun.pathless).
- LIST_APPEND and LIST_REMOVE move index states only for a list one
refers to.
- A search (core only): 89 ms compiled (answers the executor's).
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arithmetic, has by bits, a DENSE field by key, a FLAT item, and loop iterations (021)
- module-jit.c writes CONST, LOAD, STORE, the local and row loads,
INDEX_FIRST, LIST_COUNT, INDEX_MOVE, NOT, NEG, FLOOR, the number
arithmetic and comparisons (DIVIDE and NON_FINITE faults where the
executor gives them), LIST_HAS by a key set's bits, a joined FIND's
field of a DENSE list, a FLAT list's ITEM_GET, and a walk's and a
count's iteration (work charged as the executor charges it). Anything
else, or a list in another form, still calls step.
- module-list.c says where a list keeps what the code reads
(pure_list_layout); list_of and item_field are shared.
- PURE_JIT_DUMP=file writes the code made, to read with objdump.
- A search (core only): 103 ms compiled, 122 ms executed; the answers
(hops, reached, work) are the executor's.
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call the same steps (021)
- run() keeps a block's operand stack and open loops in a Frame; step()
runs one instruction (branches and loops too, one dispatch), and
enter_each, enter_loop, leave_loop and iterate are their own functions.
The executor is the same machine code, 7% fewer instructions.
- The verifier records each instruction's stack height (from its block's
start), so compiled code knows each slot's place.
- module-jit.c (AArch64 Linux; elsewhere, or PURE_JIT=0, none): a
module's handlers', views' and folds' blocks compiled when it loads.
Branches and loops are branches; every other instruction calls the
executor's own step, so both run the same meaning. A loop that is not
opened lands where its iteration would have ended; an empty loop
iterates in place.
- test-module recompiles a module whose code a test changes after load.
- A search (100,000 nodes, 1,000,000 edges, core only) is 150 ms
compiled, against 122 ms executed: a call of step for every instruction
costs more than the executor's switch; the hot instructions are written
as code next.
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trees for the next event (021)
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key as one (021)
- pure_list_arrays: an event's list (never shared, journaled or undone)
keeps its items in arrays: FLAT in order, or DENSE at their keys when
keyed by small whole numbers. A position asked of a DENSE list makes it
FLAT; moves past a few times its items, arrays past 64 MiB, or a third
change of form make it a tree. Answers are the tree's; the stored bytes
stand for its items in the memory budget whatever it keeps them in.
- pure_list_add need not say where an item went: a list no index state
refers to is not asked.
- A LIST_FIND whose index the next ITEM_GET of its list takes at once is
joined to it at load (PLAN_JOINED): pure_list_lookup reads the field by
key, at the key in a DENSE list.
- test-module arrays_equivalence: beside a tree, every step of a random
run (adds, inserts, removes, changes, finds, reads, runs, clears) gives
the same answers through every form and change of form.
- A search (100,000 nodes, 1,000,000 edges, core only): 187 to 126 ms.
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instruction (020)
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instructions and a search no time (020)
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in one descent, and loop without recursion (020)
- An event's list keyed by a number keeps its keys beside its tree: bits
while they are small whole numbers, else an open-addressing table;
has() reads only that, and inserts, removes, key changes, their undoing
and clears keep it.
- Each thread keeps fingers on the last four leaves it read (list id and
version must match): reads by position and searches by key that land in
them do not descend.
- pure_list_add finds a key's place and inserts there in one descent; a
stored keyed list's appends take it too, journaled as inserts.
- Child searches count over the whole guide; item fields know at load
whether they are text; loops run on a stack of loop records, not by
recursion; module-list.c builds at -O3.
- test-module: the key set and fingers answer as a model at every step
(bits to table, removes inside runs, undone changes, clears, shares),
and a stored keyed list's adds replay from its journal.
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bounded (018 stage 2)
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Apple clang 21 (an M3) and clang 19 refused what gcc let pass (research
029):
- PURE_FIELD_REST was an enum of UINT32_MAX, past an int (C17): a macro.
- a store's publish copied an entry rebuild left unset when the record
was not found (the copy was never used): copied when it was made.
- the log's image writer kept a count only Linux's sync_file_range uses.
- ",{" + (row == from) read as adding an int to a string: said plainly.
- the tests: mkdtemp, hidden by _POSIX_C_SOURCE on macOS, needs
_DARWIN_C_SOURCE; a string split so that \x80 and a stay apart is
bracketed; a count left over and a malloc measure only glibc has.
The core's and the store's tests pass on the Mac.
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pure_list_get passed leaf_of(list, at, &within) and within to cell_at
in one call: C leaves the order of a call's arguments open, so within
could be read before leaf_of set it. gcc 14 on AArch64 called leaf_of
first; gcc 13 on x86_64 says within is used uninitialized (found
building Pure there, research 029).
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The work budget added about 26 instructions to every row of a table a
host shows (bank, a table of 10,000 rows: +3.0% instructions an ask),
which 017's one-app criterion allows at 1%. A sample put most of it in
show_given asking every cell why it failed, and the rest in evaluate
and the row lookup writing that reason and the count for every cell.
Now nothing is counted without a budget (PureApp.work stays), the
reason is written only when a view, a cell or a row has no value, and
pure-serve asks it only of a cell without one. The table: +0.94%; the
other bank queries within 0.4%. The tests that read the count set a
budget that is never reached.
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An event's run was bounded only by its lists: a walk or a fold is its
block's length for each item, and a list holds up to 16 million. One
event could hold the owner for seconds, one view a connection thread.
pure_app_work(app, n) budgets one unit of work: an event, or one
evaluation of a view, a cell or a table's filter. It is counted as
written, as each part begins: a block's length, and a fold's or walk's
block length for every item of its list (or slice), whatever the plan
runs (lanes, a group or rank pass, a range). Nothing is counted inside
the interpreter's loop. Past the budget an event fails with the new
fault work and changes nothing (PURE_LIMIT, so 422 work over HTTP); a
view, a cell or a table's rows have no value and pure_app_view_fault
says work, which pure-serve answers 422 work, for a whole table when
a cell of it ran past. pure-serve --work N sets it (0: none).
test-module counts exact amounts on the shop's walk, the tasks' fold
view and a filtered table, and lane_folds now checks that a planned
fold counts what the same fold run item by item counts (3,600 folds,
every view, cell, filter and handler). server_work grows a list over
HTTP until the walk, the table and the fold each pass a budget of 400.
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